The Berkeley Packet Filter (BPF) started (article 1992) as a special-purpose virtual machine (register based filter evaluator) for filtering network packets, best known for its use in tcpdump. It is documented in the kernel tree, in the first part of: Documentation/networking/filter.txt

The extended BPF (eBPF) variant has become a universal in-kernel virtual machine, that has hooks all over the kernel. The eBPF instruction set is quite different, see description in section “BPF kernel internals” of Documentation/networking/filter.txt or look at this presentation by Alexei.

eBPF enables programmers to write code which gets executed in kernel space in a more secure and restricted environment. Yet this environment enables them to create tools which otherwise would require writing a new kernel module.

Ссылки на материалы:

https://eax.me/bcc-ebpf/
https://habr.com/ru/post/435142/
https://habr.com/ru/company/otus/blog/436528/

Причём не только с расширением «.sh», а вообще с любым. Это поведение по умолчанию и при этом задокументировано! Вот выдержка из man’a:

If neither the —lsbsysinit option nor the —regex option is given then the names must consist entirely of upper and lower case letters, digits, underscores, and hyphens.

# sysctl net.ipv4.ip_nonlocal_bind=1

Данная опция позволяет bind на не свои IP-адреса.

Где используется:

• LoadBalancing (keepalived)
• тестирование